Pediatric Conjunctivitis and Air Pollution Exposure: A Prospective Observational Study

Purpose: To investigate, in pediatric patients, the rate and clinical features of unspecific conjunctivitis of unknown origin (UCUO) and to evaluate their relationship with air pollution. Methods: From January to December 2013, we consecutively screened all of the patients referred for symptomatic ocular surface inflammation. Inclusion criteria for this study were age<14, diagnosis of conjunctivitis, residence in the Lombardia region. UCUO was defined as conjunctivitis of unknown etiology, not clearly due to infection or allergy. Based on addresses of residence and sites of 73 automatic air pollution monitoring stations (locations and mean annual particulate matter (PM) 10 and 2.5 concentrations were provided by the Regional Environmental Protection Agency (ARPA) Lombardia), each patient was paired with a value of exposure to PM. Relationship between UCUO and PM exposure was investigated. Results: A total of 132 of 251 screened children were included in this study. UCUO was diagnosed in 48/132 patients. The most common symptoms and signs in UCUO children were foreign body sensation (37/48) and conjunctival hyperemia (45/48), respectively. PM10 exposure value was significantly higher in UCUO (33.5 +/- 5.4 mu g/m3) compared to other groups (P<0.001, ANOVA). UCUO/total conjunctivitis ratio was significantly higher in residents in areas with more than 75 (Q3) days/year exceeding 50 mu g/m3 (EU legal limit) compared to areas with less than 45 (Q1) exceedances/year: 24/39: 61% vs 8/35: 23%; P>0.001, Chi-square test. Conclusion: Our data suggest a relationship between UCUO and air pollution. This form of conjunctivitis is not rare in pediatric patients and may be the most frequent in most polluted areas.