La Conoscenza nel progetto di restauro: un'applicazione sull'architettura dei castelli in Sardegna tra analisi del costruito e storia dei restauri

The restoration project of a good finds its scientific basis during the learning initial phase, which provides information about the condition of the monument and the previous events which had led to the last physiognomy. In relation to the first phase of knowledge, is helpful to edit a methodological protocol that provides valuable tools to plan available resources, both economic and cognitive, in order to achieve the best intervention in relation to the specific context conditions that characterize each protected good. The path of knowledge, functional to the restoration, makes use of different disciplines, each directed to the cases examined. Among these, the stratigraphy of the highs, a discipline inherited from archeology, is able to know in a detailed and accurate manner the material of which the architectural artifact is composed. The latter, in fact, if appropriately investigated in a "direct" way, represents the first document of himself, the most "authentic", the testimony of an important page of history, by definition, unique and unrepeatable. From historical and evolutionary analysis, knowledge is defined, aimed not only at the historical reconstruction of the facts but also at a reading of the architectural, technical and technological features, as well as the identification of alterations to the original structure. For these reasons, the choice on the field of application of this research fell on medieval castellan architecture in Sardinia. These, in fact, built in a defined and circumscribed territorial context, are not immediately over the course of time transformations dictated by a pressing reuse, which still allows today to have highs yet to be read. The study was conducted through three research phases:1. Construction of the state of the art on castellan architecture in Sardinia: bibliographic and archival research and field survey; technical reading of the wall faces with respect to the sources; methods of construction, materials, construction techniques; current physical condition and state of conservation;2. Analysis of the archival documentation kept in the archives of the Superintendencies concerning the restorations carried out between the 19th and 20th centuries;3. Identification of cultural bodies and practice in the exercise of time, more efficient interventions, related problems and outcomes of these operations.The objective of the present study is to support a critical intervention for critical intervention, I mean a technical and cultural operation, guided by intervention choices that respect the material consistency and aimed at enhancing and recovering the architectural heritage.