A tattoo is not a face. Ethical aspects of tattoo-based biometrics

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study explores the ethical and social issues of Tattoo Recognition Technology (TRT) and Tattoo Similarity Detection Technology (TSDT), which are expected to be increasingly used by state and local police departments and law enforcement agencies. Design/Methodology/Approach: The paper investigates the new ethical concerns raised by tattoo-based biometrics on a comparative basis with face recognition biometrics. Findings: TRT raises much more ethically sensitive issues than face recognition, because tattoos are meaningful biometric traits and tattoo identification is tantamount to the identification of many more personal features that normally would have remained invisible. TSDT’s assumption that classifying people in virtue of their visible features is useful to foretell their attitudes and behaviours, is dangerously similar to racist thought. Practical implications: Promotion of an active debate on the ethical and social aspects of tattoo-based biometrics before it is intensely implemented by law enforcement agencies. Social implications: Tattooed individuals - inasmuch as they are more controlled and monitored - are negatively discriminated in comparison to untattooed individuals. Since tattooing is not uniformly distributed among population, many demographic groups like African Americans will be overrepresented in tattoos databases used by TRT and TSDT, thus being affected by disproportionately higher risk to be found as a match for a given suspect. Originality/Value: TRT and TSDT represent one of the new frontiers of biometrics. The ethical and social issues raised by TRT and TSDT are currently unexplored.